Value-Based Health Care

Everyone talks about Value-Based Health Care. Few have measured the cost.

The value equation is outcomes divided by cost. Outcomes have standards, such as the ICHOM sets. The cost side is the gap. We close it with TDABC, the method Kaplan and Porter have recommended since 2011.

Cost and Profitability Consulting · 25 years of TDABC · CostCTRL platform
? ? ? Outcomes that matter Recovery Survival Quality of life Total cost over the cycle of care Consult Imaging Surgery Inpatient Rehab Follow-up
01The value equation

Value is what matters to the patient, divided by what it cost.

Numerator
Outcomes that matter to the patient

Total cost over the full cycle of care
Denominator

Most VBHC programmes measure the numerator and estimate or ignore the denominator. A systematic review of cost measurement in VBHC found that half of studies relied on reimbursement or charges rather than real provider cost. Reimbursement reflects what was billed, not what was consumed.

Source: systematic review of cost measurement in VBHC, PubMed 36600363.

NUMERATOR · OUTCOMES Outcomes that matter SurvivalRecoveryQuality of life Value = DENOMINATOR · COST Cost per cycle of care measured resource by resource, not billed this is the gap
02The implementation gap

The biggest barrier to VBHC is not lack of knowledge. It is the gap between knowing and doing.

Outcomes are measurable, cost is not

Traditional hospital accounting uses averages and allocations. It knows the average cost of a bed-day, not what a specific patient consumed across their cycle of care.

Reimbursement is not cost

DRG and claims data tell you what was billed. They cannot tell you what a cycle of care actually consumed, in people, equipment and time.

Fee-for-service inertia

Incentives still reward volume. Without the real cost per cycle, it is hard to build the value-based payment models that would reward the result.

Source: 2025 Frontiers scoping review on VBHC. Value-Based Purchasing and TDABC were the most frequently reported funding models.

03Why TDABC

TDABC is the engine. Outcomes without cost is half an equation.

In 2011, in Harvard Business Review, Kaplan and Porter published "How to Solve the Cost Crisis in Health Care". The method they proposed was Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing. It gives the accurate, transparent cost of treating a medical condition across a complete cycle of care.

Two parameters

TDABC needs only two: the capacity cost rate of each resource and the time equations of each activity. From there, the cost of any cycle of care is the sum of each resource time, at its cost per minute.

Unused capacity

Because it starts from practical capacity, not theoretical capacity, TDABC reveals the unused capacity that averages hide. That is where the improvement levers appear: idle room time, operating blocks, imaging equipment.

DiagnosisCAPACITY MIN40 minPre-opCAPACITY MIN65 minInterventionCAPACITY MIN210 minInpatientCAPACITY MIN320 minRehabilitationCAPACITY MIN140 minFollow-upCAPACITY MIN30 min

Where time and cost accumulate across the care cycle.

04The framework

Kaplan's seven steps to measure cost in health care.

The seven-step TDABC approach applied to a medical condition and a complete cycle of care. It is the methodology we use, adapted to the reality of public and private providers.

01Define themedical condition& cycle boundary02Map the caredelivery valuechain03Build timeequations peractivity04Cost of eachresource05Practicalcapacity &capacity costrate06Total cost of thecycle07Reveal unusedcapacity & levers
01
Define the medical condition
Choose the medical condition or care line and the boundary of the cycle: from first contact to recovery.
You receive
Cycle scope
02
Map the care delivery value chain
Build the process maps of care delivery: each activity, each resource, in the order the patient moves through them.
You receive
Process maps
03
Obtain time estimates
Obtain the time of each activity and build the time equations that capture variation by patient type.
You receive
Time equations
04
Estimate the cost of each resource
Estimate the cost of supplying each patient-care resource: staff, space, equipment and consumables.
You receive
Resource cost
05
Capacity and capacity cost rate
Estimate the practical capacity of each resource and compute the capacity cost rate: cost per available minute.
You receive
Capacity cost rate
06
Total cost of patient care
Compute the total cost of patient care across the cycle, multiplying each time by the capacity cost rate.
You receive
Cost per cycle
07
Reveal unused capacity
Reveal unused capacity and improvement levers: where time, space and equipment is paid for and not used.
You receive
Improvement levers
05What we deliver

A defensible cost number, and the team that knows how to keep it.

01

Measured cost per cycle

The real cost per cycle of care for one high-impact condition, in 6 to 10 weeks.

02

Map and equations

A process map and the time equations your team owns.

03

Unused-capacity curve

The unused-capacity curve, showing where cost is paid for and not used.

04

Defensible number

A defensible cost number for pricing, contracting and value-based reimbursement conversations.

05

CostCTRL platform

CostCTRL to keep the model live: capacities, cost per cycle and unused capacity over time.

Independent. We do not sell outcomes or reimbursement. We sell the cost and its reliability. It is the half of the equation most programmes leave undone, and it is the only one we work on.

06The evidence

TDABC has already been applied to dozens of care lines.

€0 here value turns into loss CARE LINES · MOST → LEAST PROFITABLE CUMULATIVE MARGIN high-volume lines erode the peak

Illustrative: cumulative margin by care line, reimbursement vs real TDABC cost.

Systematic review · Value in Health
TDABC in inpatient management, synthesised in a systematic review.
A systematic review published in Value in Health analysed the application of TDABC to inpatient management across clinical settings.
S1098-3015(20)30130-3
Value in Health
Pilots · surgery
TDABC pilots across colonoscopy, aortic valve replacement and carpal tunnel.
Pilot studies applied TDABC to different procedures to reveal the real cost per cycle and the unused capacity.
PMC5827916
PubMed Central
Public hospital · Italy
Hip replacement TDABC in an Italian public hospital.
A study applied TDABC to the hip replacement care cycle in a public hospital in Italy.
PMC9736729
PubMed Central
Oncology · 2025
TDABC in a chemotherapy department at a public oncology hospital, 2025.
A 2025 study applied TDABC to the chemotherapy department of a public oncology hospital.
PMC12539845
PubMed Central

In Portugal, the Value-Based Health Care context is advanced by initiatives such as VOH.CoLAB and APAH. Illustrative examples, cited by their reference. We do not invent numbers.

07Who it is for

For those who need the cost side to be real.

  • 01
    Hospital CFOs and administrators who need a defensible cost per cycle for the board or the regulator.
  • 02
    Clinical directors of care lines who want to know the real cost of what their team delivers.
  • 03
    Public and private providers preparing value-based contracts or payments.
  • 04
    Any team starting or running a VBHC programme that needs the denominator of the equation to be real.
Sector
Public hospitalsPrivate hospitalsClinics and centres
Function
CFO / AdministrationClinical directionManagement control
08Frequently asked questions

What people ask before starting.

What is Value-Based Health Care (VBHC)?
A model where value is defined as the outcomes that matter to the patient divided by the total cost over the full cycle of care. Most programmes measure outcomes well and estimate or ignore the cost. That is the side we measure with TDABC.
Why is cost the missing link in VBHC?
Because outcomes have standards, such as the ICHOM sets, but cost still comes from traditional hospital accounting, built on averages and allocations. A systematic review of cost measurement in VBHC found that half of studies relied on reimbursement or charges rather than real provider cost.
Why is reimbursement not the same as cost?
Because reimbursement, DRG data and charges reflect what was billed, not what was consumed. Two patients with the same reimbursement code can have consumed very different resources. Only a real cost measurement, resource by resource, shows what a cycle of care actually cost.
Why is TDABC the recommended method to measure cost in VBHC?
Because it was designed for it. Kaplan and Porter have recommended Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing since 2011, in the Harvard Business Review article on the cost crisis in health care. It gives the accurate, transparent cost of treating a medical condition across a complete cycle of care.
How long does it take to measure the cost of a care line?
For a high-impact condition, we deliver a measured cost per cycle of care in 6 to 10 weeks. You receive the process map, the time equations and the unused-capacity curve, with your internal team learning the method as it goes.
Do you sell clinical outcomes or reimbursement?
No. We are independent. We do not sell outcomes or reimbursement. We measure the cost and the reliability of that cost. It is the half of the equation that most VBHC programmes leave undone, and it is the only one we work on.
Who is this approach for?
For hospital CFOs and administrators, clinical directors of care lines, public and private providers, and anyone running or starting a VBHC programme who needs the cost side to be real, not estimated.
How does CostCTRL keep the model live?
After we measure the cost of a care line, CostCTRL, our platform, keeps the TDABC model running: it updates capacities, recomputes cost per cycle and tracks unused capacity over time, instead of the model dying in a spreadsheet.
Start with one care line

Bring one care line. We will give you its real cost.

No deck, no follow-up sequence. A senior partner. Thirty minutes. Free. NDA on request.